Transport layer
The transport layer provides the flow of data between computers, as the name suggests. The Transmission Control Protocol, TCP and the User Datagram Protocol reside in this layer. In the transport layer, the data is segmented into parts to achieve a steady flow so that the differences in connection bandwidth between the host computers does not matter in the circulation of the data through the network.
Network layer
The Network Layer helps in transporting the data between the networks. At the beginning of the segments a network header is placed, which consists of the IP addresses of the sender and the receiver terminals. This header remains constant which is just read during the process of communication. The IP or Network trailer is also present at the end of the package, which contains the checksum to validate the data that is transferred between the networks. The Network Layer is employed by the routers to handle the network addresses.
Data link Layer
The data link layer takes input bits from layer one and arranges them into data structures called frames. It uses a frame header containing the sender and receiver addresses. These values do not remain constant and change while passing through the network nodes, routers or servers.
Physical Layer
The Physical Layer consists of the electrical part of the process of communication, the binary signals or bits that are transmitted and received in the process of exchange of data during the communication. The binary signal is a combination of 1's and 0's that may be repeated.
Showing posts with label protocol. Show all posts
Showing posts with label protocol. Show all posts
OSI Model
What is an OSI model?
OSI stands for Open System Interconnect. It was developed by the International Organization for Standardization in 1974. The OSI model consists of seven layers with each layer having a different function of processing.
The seven layers of OSI Reference model are as follows:
The Open System Interconnection model defines implementations for networking framework protocols in seven layers. Starting from the application layer in one station, the control is circulated from one layer to the other over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.
Application layer
The application layer is the seventh or topmost layer of the OSI Model. The Application Layer is responsible for providing end-user services, such as file transfers, electronic messaging, e-mail, virtual terminal access, and network management. This is the layer with which the user interacts with the application. This interface may be command-line-based or GUI-based. Cisco routers and switches have a command-line interface, while a web browser uses a graphical interface.The application layer refers to applications that are network-aware. There are thousands of computer applications, but not all of these can transmit information across a network Examples of application layer programs are telnet, FTP, web browsers, and e-mail.
Presentation layer
The Presentation Layer establishes context between Application Layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units, and passed down the stack.
Session layer
The session layer is the fifth layer of the OSI model that controls the connections between computers. Its responsibility is to establish, manage and terminate the connections between the client and remote applications. Session layer provides full duples, half duplex and simplex operaions of communication.
OSI stands for Open System Interconnect. It was developed by the International Organization for Standardization in 1974. The OSI model consists of seven layers with each layer having a different function of processing.
The seven layers of OSI Reference model are as follows:
- Application layer
- Presentation layer
- Session layer
- Transport layer
- Network layer
- Data link layer
- Physical layer
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| OSI Model |
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The Open System Interconnection model defines implementations for networking framework protocols in seven layers. Starting from the application layer in one station, the control is circulated from one layer to the other over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy.
Application layer
The application layer is the seventh or topmost layer of the OSI Model. The Application Layer is responsible for providing end-user services, such as file transfers, electronic messaging, e-mail, virtual terminal access, and network management. This is the layer with which the user interacts with the application. This interface may be command-line-based or GUI-based. Cisco routers and switches have a command-line interface, while a web browser uses a graphical interface.The application layer refers to applications that are network-aware. There are thousands of computer applications, but not all of these can transmit information across a network Examples of application layer programs are telnet, FTP, web browsers, and e-mail.
Presentation layer
The Presentation Layer establishes context between Application Layer entities, in which the higher-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units, and passed down the stack.
Session layer
The session layer is the fifth layer of the OSI model that controls the connections between computers. Its responsibility is to establish, manage and terminate the connections between the client and remote applications. Session layer provides full duples, half duplex and simplex operaions of communication.
The Internet
What is Internet?
The internet is a chain of interconnected computer networks using the standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). This chain is comprised of web servers and client computers. Clients are computers that access this network through an internet connection. Web servers handle the actual web pages. Web servers have a bunch of web sites loaded waiting for clients to request them, which is done through browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, etc.
The Internet is a network of networks, spread over the whole globe. The foundations for the origin of the Internet were laid back in the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. Initially, the network was known as ARPANET, which later became the internet when its capacity was increased with the connection of more number of computers to the network.The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage.
The internet is a chain of interconnected computer networks using the standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP). This chain is comprised of web servers and client computers. Clients are computers that access this network through an internet connection. Web servers handle the actual web pages. Web servers have a bunch of web sites loaded waiting for clients to request them, which is done through browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, etc.
The Internet is a network of networks, spread over the whole globe. The foundations for the origin of the Internet were laid back in the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. Initially, the network was known as ARPANET, which later became the internet when its capacity was increased with the connection of more number of computers to the network.The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage.
fig: The Internet
The most important component of the Internet is the Internet Protocol (IP), which provides addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. The IP address is a unique naming convention of each and every computers that are part of the Internet.
The Internet has been serving everyone around the world, with every possible means. E-mail is an important communications service that is available on the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages among the people similar to the mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. File sharing helps to send and receive large sized files across the globe. The Internet has also enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, through social networking sites such as twitter, facebook, myspace, etc.
The Internet has been serving everyone around the world, with every possible means. E-mail is an important communications service that is available on the Internet. The concept of sending electronic text messages among the people similar to the mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. File sharing helps to send and receive large sized files across the globe. The Internet has also enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing, through social networking sites such as twitter, facebook, myspace, etc.
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